马尾松人工林生物量及生产力变化规律研究Ⅱ.不同林龄生物量及生产力

采用以空间代时间的径级标准木收获法,研究了从幼林到成熟林的5种不同林龄的林分生物量.结果表明:树木干物质是按一定比例分配到各器官,其比例与径阶大小无关,而与发育阶段有关.林分平均木及林分各器官生物量均随林龄增加而增加,平均木在18 22a生物量年增加速率最大,而林分是在12 18年生.树干生物量所占百分比(占48%以上)随林龄增加而增加,而枝、叶、皮刚好相反,18年生以前,根所占百分比随林龄增加而下降,此后趋于稳定.各器官所占百分比由大到小依次为:干、枝、根、皮、叶.8、12、18、22、30年生的林分乔木层生物量分别为:33.94、89.94、204.51、223.71、234.14t.hm-2,净生产力为:6.24、11.14、15.63、14.07、11.93t.hm-2.a-1.中龄前,生物量按径阶分布的规律与株数按径阶分配规律相似,多呈左偏态,此后呈右偏态,峰值比株数按径阶分布向右移动1 2个径阶.培育纸浆材林,在18年生前利用最佳.     

广州市南沙红树植物无瓣海桑、木榄人工林生物量的研究

红树林是热带、亚热带海岸潮间带的木本植物群落,它是海湾河口地区生态系统最重要的生产者,对保护海湾河口地区的生态平衡起着十分重要的作用。湿地植物生物量是衡量湿地生态系统健康状况的重要标志。红树林生物量的研究,对于了     

海南岛尖峰岭鸡毛松人工林乔木层生物量和生产力研究

对海南岛尖峰岭35年生鸡毛松人工林生物量的结构与分布特点、净初级生产力和林分生长的动态变化进行了研究。结果表明,鸡毛松人工林乔木层生物量达285 53t·hm-2,其中树干为190 82t·hm-2,树皮为19 19t·hm-2,树枝为35 93t·hm-2,树叶为7 96t·hm-2,根为31 63t·hm-2,鸡毛松不同器官生物量的比例为树干∶树枝∶根∶树皮∶树叶=24 0∶4 5∶4 0∶2 4∶1 0。12～22cm径级的立木生物量占总生物量的70 9%,而8m以下的树干生物量占其总生物量的80%以上。1～25a内生物量增长迅速,年平均净生产量随年龄的增加而增大,25a后生物量增长相对较慢,进入生长的平稳期。35a鸡毛松人工林乔木层年平均净生产力可达10 34t·hm-2·a-1,最大可达13 99t·hm-2·a-1,表现出较高的生产力。     

四波段作物冠层分析仪设计

为解决当前作物氮素分析成本较高、分析过程复杂、分析时间长等问题,设计了一款基于光谱学原理的四波段作物冠层分析仪,通过快速检测作物冠层植被指数预测作物长势.分析仪主要由控制单元和测量单元组成.控制单元只含一个控制器,该控制器作为整个无线传感网络的协调器,负责将各个传感器节点发送的数据进行分类、显示以及存储等,并根据测量结果计算作物营养成分含量.测量单元则由多个光学传感器组成,主要负责光学信号的采集、放大、发送等.每个传感器可以在4个光学波段进行测量,分别是绿色植物可见光主要反射峰550 nm,可见光主要吸收波段650 nm,近红外波段766、850 nm.标定试验显示光学传感器工作稳定,仪器具有较高的精度.初步玉米田间试验表明,仪器的测量结果与玉米叶片全氮含量的相关系数达到0.884.     

The impact of increasing farm size and mechanization on rural income and rice production in Zhejiang province,China

Economic growth in China’s agricultural sector lags behind growth in industry and services, creating an ever widening rural–urban income gap. Development of the non-agricultural sectors offers new opportunities for farmers in China’s more advanced provinces such as Zhejiang. Increased income in the urban sector creates markets for new products, and migrating farmers rent their land to those staying. Until now, the prevailing rice-based systems have been managed mainly using manual labour and animal traction, but the larger farms resulting from migration may facilitate, or even require mechanization. In this study, we use a simulation model of the farm household to analyse the effects of increasing farm size and the transition from rice to vegetable production, while also studying the effects of mechanization.     

An entropy approach to spatial disaggregation of agricultural production

While agricultural production statistics are reported on a geopolitical – often national – basis we often need to know the status of production or productivity within specific sub-regions, watersheds, or agroecological zones. Such re-aggregations are typically made using expert judgments or simple area-weighting rules. We describe a new, entropy-based approach to making spatially disaggregated assessments of the distribution of crop production. Using this approach, tabular crop production statistics are blended judiciously with an array of other secondary data to assess the production of specific crops within individual ‘pixels’ – typically 25–100 square kilometers in size. The information utilized includes crop production statistics, farming system characteristics, satellite-derived land cover data, biophysical crop suitability assessments, and population density. An application is presented in which Brazilian state level production statistics are used to generate pixel level crop production data for eight crops. To validate the spatial allocation we aggregated the pixel estimates to obtain synthetic estimates of municipality level production in Brazil, and compared those estimates with actual municipality statistics. The approach produced extremely promising results. We then examined the robustness of these results compared to short-cut approaches to allocating crop production statistics and showed that, while computationally intensive, the cross-entropy method does provide more reliable estimates of crop production patterns.     

Effects of alternative water distribution rules on irrigation system performance: a simulation analysis

Based on a simulation model reflecting physical and economic conditions typically found in rice irrigation systems in Asia, the irrigation performance implications of alternative water distribution rules for dry season irrigation are evaluated under varying degrees of water shortage. The rules examined reflect differing water distribution strategies designed either to maximize conveyance efficiency, economic efficiency, or equity; or to achieve a balance between efficiency and equity objectives. Irrigation performance is evaluated using several efficiency measures reflecting the physical, agronomic and economic productivity of water, and one measure of equity. Economic efficiency and equity among farmers within the portion of the irrigation system that is on in any given season are shown to be complementary, and not competing objectives. Economic efficiency and equity among all farmers within the command area of the irrigation system are largely complementary strategies at the lower levels of water shortage, but with increasing shortage, significant tradeoffs develop between these objectives. An operational rule for water distribution under a goal of maximizing economic efficiency is developed, and the data requirements for its implementation are shown to be modest. Under the model's assumed conditions of dry season rice production dependent solely on surface irrigation for water, the distribution strategy designed to maximize conveyance efficiency results in only modestly lower levels of economic efficiency and equity than could be achieved by the strategy designed to maximize economic efficiency.     

Remote sensing of biotic and abiotic stress for irrigation management of cotton

The applicability of commercially available remote sensing instrumentation was evaluated for site-specific management of abiotic and biotic stress on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown under a center pivot low energy precision application (LEPA) irrigation system. This study was conducted in a field where three irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, and 50% ET_c) were imposed on areas of Phymatotrichum (root rot) with the specific objectives to (1) examine commercial remote sensing instrumentation for locating areas showing biotic and abiotic stress symptomology in a cotton field, (2) compare data obtained from commercial aerial infrared photography to that collected by infrared transducers (IRTs) mounted on a center pivot, (3) evaluate canopy temperature changes between irrigation regimes and their relationship to lint yield with IRTs and/or IR photography, and (4) explore the use of deficit irrigation and the use of crop coefficients for irrigation scheduling. Pivot-mounted IRTs and an IR camera were able to differentiate water stress among irrigation regimes. The IR camera distinguished between biotic (root rot) and abiotic (drought) stress with the assistance of groundtruthing. The 50% ET_c regime had significantly higher canopy temperatures than the other two regimes, which was reflected in significantly lower lint yields when compared to the 75% and 100% ET_c regimes. Deficit irrigation down to 75% ET_c had no impact on lint yield, indicating that water savings were possible without reducing yield.     

系统参数对油菜籽挤压机生产率影响的研究

设计了带有榨笼的挤压机用于油菜籽挤压膨化.通过二次旋转正交组合试验,研究了油菜籽含水率、套筒温度、主轴转速及模孔直径对挤压机生产率影响规律,建立了系统参数与生产率的数学模型.结果表明:大模孔、高温、高转速、高含水率可获得高生产率;相反,小模孔、低转速、低温、低含水率的参数组合导致生产率低.     

马克思自然生产力理论及其对我国生态文明建设的启示

马克思的自然生产力的思想和理论内容,主要是认为客观的自然界有一种自然力量对人类的生存和发展发生着直接或间接的影响。这些自然力量的总和就是自然生产力。文章对马克思的自然生产力理论作一个深入的挖掘、梳理,研究分析其深刻内涵和主要内容,并阐述其对我国当代社会主义生态文明建设的理论启示和现代实践价值。